Sprint layout connect upper and lower
The crowning of the 100-m sprint champion remains a hallmark of each Olympic Games, and the winners are “the world’s fastest humans.” The dramatic world record progression since the first modern Olympics has been driven by advancing training methodology and deliberate practice, combined with key improvements in running surfaces and footwear. This review provides a point of departure for scientists and practitioners regarding the training and development of elite sprint performance and can serve as a position statement for outlining state-of-the-art sprint training recommendations and for generation of new hypotheses to be tested in future research. Within best practice, there is a stronger link between choice of training component (i.e., modality, duration, intensity, recovery, session rate) and the intended purpose of the training session compared with the “one-size-fits-all” approach in scientific literature. While the vast majority of sprint-related studies are performed on young team sport athletes and focus on brief sprints with maximal intensity and short recoveries, elite sprinters perform sprinting/running over a broad range of distances and with varying intensity and recovery periods. Indeed, there is a considerable gap between science and best practice in how training principles and methods are applied. In this review, we describe how well-known training principles (progression, specificity, variation/periodization, and individualization) and varying training methods (e.g., sprinting/running, technical training, strength/power, plyometric training) are used in a sprint training context. Still, key underlying determinants (e.g., power, technique, and sprint-specific endurance) are trainable. Sprint performance is heavily dependent upon genetic traits, and the annual within-athlete performance differences are lower than the typical variation, the smallest worthwhile change, and the influence of external conditions such as wind, monitoring methodologies, etc.
The objective of this review is to integrate scientific and best practice literature regarding the training and development of elite sprint performance. In addition to this, a fibrocartilaginous disk which, with the radius, forms a concave surface in which the convex carpal bones can articulate.Despite a voluminous body of research devoted to sprint training, our understanding of the training process leading to a world-class sprint performance is limited. The wrist joint is formed between the radius of the forearm and the scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum of the carpal bones. The distal joint is formed between the head of the ulnar and the ulnar notch of the radius.
The proximal joint is just past the elbow joint and is an articulation between the head of the radius and the radial notch of the ulnar. The radioulnar joints are located at the proximal and distal ends of the radius and ulnar. The joint is reinforced by the medial and lateral collateral ligament, as well as its tough joint capsule. Due to it’s mobility, it is not surprising that the shoulder is the most commonly dislocated joint in the body.Īnother joint of the upper limb is the elbow joint Formed between the humerus of the upper arm and the radius and ulnar of the forearm, it is a hinge-type joint which allows us to flex and extend our arms.
It allows for a vast array of movements from the shoulder and is reinforced by its many ligaments and the rotator cuff muscles. The shoulder joint is highly mobile ball-and-socket type joint between the scapula and the head of the humerus. It is a very mobile yet very stable joint and is the main point of attachment between the upper limb and the axial skeleton.įurther down the clavicle, the acromioclavicular joint allows articulation between the clavicle, and the acromion process of the scapula. The sternoclavicular joint is located between the clavicle and the manubrium of the sternum. The upper limb has a wide range of precise movements associated with it to allow us to effectively interact with our environment, the 6 main joints covered here (from proximal to distal) are the sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, shoulder, elbow, radioulnar, and wrist joints.